WA apple farmers may see boon from bad weather

In this Friday, Aug. 17, 2012 photo, Irma Pena picks gala apples at Zag Orchards in Finley, Wash. (AP Photo/The Tri-City Herald, Kai-Huei Yau)

In this Friday, Aug. 17, 2012 photo, Irma Pena picks gala apples at Zag Orchards in Finley, Wash. (AP Photo/The Tri-City Herald, Kai-Huei Yau)

(AP) ? First, warm spring weather in the Northeast and Midwest tricked apple trees into budding earlier. Then an untimely frost damaged the delicate blossoms.

For apple farmers in producing states like New York and Michigan, this has been a forgettable year, with severe declines in production of as high as 90 percent.

But it is amounting to a boon for Washington state growers, who are already in the midst of a near record harvest, and now looking forward to higher demand and prices for their produce.

"If we can get this fruit harvested, it's a perfect storm for Washington," said Todd Fryhover, president of the Apple Growers Association. "We could have a banner year for returns and profitability for our industry, but only time will tell."

Washington is likely to have a harvest of 108 million bushels, its second highest number on record, industry representatives said. A bushel is a 40-pound box of apples.

The main variables still looming: a possible shortage of pickers and unpredictable weather at the end of the harvest season.

Usually, Washington's apple farmers need about 40,000 workers to harvest their huge crop, said Kirk Mayer of the Washington Growers Clearing House Association. This year, Fryhover said, growers are reporting a shortage of roughly 10 to 15 percent shortage.

On a brighter note, this year's summer has been "perfect" with warm temperature and spring was mild with nearly no frosts, Fryhover said. "We're seeing our fruit's sizes get larger as harvest continues."

Just north of Wenatchee in central Washington, Orondo farmer Tom Auvil saw his orchards produce about a third more than expected. But he also was one of the farmers who got hit by hail earlier this spring and his workers had to use masks for weeks while a wildfire filled the area with smog. This year, it's shaping up to be a wash for him.

"Our industry is looking at capacity, folks are pretty anxious to ship fruit," said Auvil, who runs a relatively small operation at 50 acres. "You can't necessarily get over excited about pricing when you have a bountiful of fruits. But prices do look favorable."

Washington is the behemoth of the industry and could for 65 percent all the apples grown in the country this, up from its usual 50 to 60 percent range.

Nationally, the U.S. Apple Association projects the apple harvest will go down by 10 percent compared to last year to about 200 million bushels. Because the national crop is smaller, apple prices at retail are expected to be higher across the country, industry officials said.

"Growers are getting a bit more per bushels from the packers and shippers," said Mark Gedris, U.S. Apple Association spokesman.

New York harvested 30.7 million bushels last year, but will see less than half of that this year if estimates hold. Michigan, which has seen fluctuation over the past five years ? saw a sharp drop, down to less than 3 million bushels this year from 28 million last year, according to grower associations.

Canada and Mexico are also not harvesting at top capacities, Fryhover said, putting Washington in a unique position.

While the apple industry expects prices to go up for consumers, it's too early to say by how much. There is usually a lag between harvest and apples on the supermarket counter.

So far the U.S. Department of Agriculture said U.S. retail prices for Red Delicious apples rose 1 percent in September to $1.524 per pound, from $1.505 in September 2011.

Generally, Washington apple farmers prefer selling their product to the fresh market, which brings higher returns.

This year's bad harvests in New York and Michigan could mean that Washington farmers could sell more of their apples to the processed and juice industries, which buy apples that are not savory enough for the fresh fruit market. On an average year, Michigan may sell about 60 percent of its harvest to the juice industry, Smith said.

Prices of the juice and processed market, however, are less than for the fresh market.

"There will be more apples shipped from Washington to processing on the East Coast than we've ever seen before," Mayer said.

The processed market can also look to Pennsylvania, which saw a healthy harvest, or Virginia to make up for the void left by New York and Michigan, Gedris said.

If apples aren't picked for the fresh market, growers have the option of leaving the fruit on trees, selling it at lower fresh market prices, or the juice market. But those options have to at least cover the costs of picking the apples, Mayer said.

About 20 percent of Washington's harvest usually goes to the juice and process markets, Mayer added. Of the fresh harvest, about a third is exported while the rest stays in the country.

___

Manuel Valdes can be reached at http://twitter.com/ByManuelValdes

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2012-10-19-Food%20and%20Farm-Washington%20Apples/id-25e9ee8c790f4127a3c5561f9da13965

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Ewan McGregor will star in "born to Be King", Kate Hudson next?

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ewan-mcgregor-star-born-king-kate-hudson-next-204355170.html

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Spacecraft Records 'Chorus' of Space Sounds

A NASA spacecraft captured the clearest recording yet of what space sounds like inside Earth's radiation belts. Craig Kletzing, a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Iowa, explains what causes these eerie chirping noises, and what we can learn from them.

Source: http://www.npr.org/2012/10/19/163245524/spacecraft-records-chorus-of-space-sounds?ft=1&f=1007

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High levels of estradiol, progesterone during pregnancy associated with increased risk for HR-negative breast cancer

ScienceDaily (Oct. 18, 2012) ? Increased concentrations of the pregnancy hormones estradiol and progesterone were associated with an increased risk for hormone receptor-negative breast cancer diagnosed before age 50, according to the results of a nested case-control study presented at the 11th Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, held in Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 16-19, 2012.

Annekatrin Lukanova, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany, and colleagues examined the effects of hormonal exposure during early pregnancy and its possible association with risk for maternal breast cancer.

"Pregnancy influences maternal risk for breast cancer, but the association is complex and the biological mechanisms underlying the associations are unknown," Lukanova said. "Understanding the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of childbearing on cancer risk can form the basis for primary prevention of breast cancer."

Lukanova and colleagues used the Northern Sweden Maternity cohort to conduct a nested case-control study of 417 controls and 223 women who had donated blood samples during their first trimester of pregnancy and were later diagnosed with breast cancer. About three quarters of the breast cancer cases were hormone receptor (HR)-positive.

The researchers examined two groups of hormones: The first group included estradiol, estrone and progesterone, the concentrations of which increase substantially with pregnancy progression. The second group included testosterone and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1). During early pregnancy, concentrations of testosterone and IGF-1 are largely similar to prepregnancy concentrations.

"We found that circulating concentrations of IGF-1 and testosterone are directly associated with risk for HR-positive breast cancer, in line with studies in nonpregnant women," Lukanova said.

Results indicated a heightened risk for HR-negative breast cancer diagnosed before 50 years of age with increased levels of estradiol and progesterone.

Lukanova noted that this study was small, that the hormones were measured during the first trimester of pregnancy only, and that further and larger studies will be necessary to characterize the association of pregnancy hormones with risk for hormone-defined maternal breast cancer.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/fFf4CC51JYw/121018151934.htm

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Confession time: Panty liner ads aren't real

TODAY.com's Kyle Michael Miller takes a look at Bodyform's response to a Facebook ranter.

By Allison Linn, TODAY

Richard Neill almost certainly thought he was the wittier one.

Last week, he took to Facebook to rant sarcastically that a British feminine hygiene company had lied to him with all those commercials implying that getting one?s period is just an excuse for a series of joyful adventures.

Bodyform, the British company that makes the panty liners in question, showed him that they could not only take the criticism, they could do him one better.

On Tuesday, Bodyform posted a parody video of its own on YouTube and Facebook. In it, the company?s fake CEO apologized and fessed up about all those joyful feminine hygiene commercials.

?What you?ve seen in our advertisements so far isn?t a factual representation of events. You?re right. The flagrant use of visualizations such as sky diving, roller blading and mountain biking? - you forgot horse riding Richard ? are actually metaphors. They?re not real,? the faux CEO, who they dubbed Caroline Williams, intones somberly. ?I?m sorry to be the one to tell you this, but there?s no such thing as a happy period.?

The post came a few days after Neill?s rant went viral, prompting more than 84,000 Facebook ?likes? and thousands of comments along the lines of ?love this.?

In it, Neill opines that he grew up being jealous of all these women who got to spend their periods bike riding, dancing, parachuting and the like. Then, he said, he was faced with the reality of that time of the month when he ?got a girlfriend.?

?There was no joy, no extreme sports, no blue water spilling over wings and no rocking soundtrack oh no no no,? he wrote.

Bodyform responded: ?If Facebook had a ?love? button, we'd have clicked it. But it doesn't. So we've made Richard a video instead.?

Tim Calkins, a clinical professor marketing at Northwestern University, said the parody video response is exactly the type of marketing more companies need to be doing. He lauded the company for taking the risk of being funny and a bit edgy.

?The reason it works is it just feels very sort of real in that the company is listening and they?re responding and they have a sense of humor, but they also stick up for themselves,? Calkins said.

He noted that it?s also a world away from traditional marketing, in which companies may spend months carefully crafting messages and coming up with advertising campaigns.

?This, though, is an example of a company that?s building its brand but doing so in a way that is timely and authentic and funny,? he said.

Bodyform, which is based in the United Kingdom, was not able to comment as of press time. You can watch the full video on YouTube.

What do you think of Bodyform's response?

Source: http://lifeinc.today.com/_news/2012/10/17/14486733-confession-time-panty-liner-ads-arent-real?lite

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Google will/won't bring out $99 Nexus tablet this quarter

Nexus 7

From (where else), DigiTimes:

One supply chain source says it'll be released later in the fourth quarter (which we're now in, by the way). Meanwhile, ASUS, DT reports, says it "has no plans to launch a $99 Nexus." Which is nice, but it's Google that sells this thing, not ASUS.

Shocking.

Chances are if we do see a $99 Nexus 7, it'll be carrier subsidized. Which would be ridiculous given the outright price is only twice that.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/androidcentral/~3/kYSsJE93Iag/story01.htm

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'Citizens Against Crime,' O'Brien Oregon Civilian Force, Organizes ...

O'BRIEN, Ore. -- There's no room in the county jail for burglars and thieves. And the sheriff's department in a vast, rural corner of southwest Oregon has been reduced by budget cuts to three deputies on patrol eight hours a day, five days a week.

But people in this traditionally self-reliant section of timber country aren't about to raise taxes to put more officers on the road. Instead, some folks in Josephine County, larger than the state of Rhode Island, are taking matters into their own hands ? mounting flashing lights on their trucks and strapping pistols to their hips to guard communities themselves. Others have put together a virtual neighborhood watch, using Facebook to share tips and information.

"I believe in standing up for myself rather than waiting for the government to do something for me," said Sam Nichols, a retired marina manager.

Nichols has organized a posse of about a dozen fed-up residents who have started patrolling the small community of O'Brien, which has about 750 residents.

"We call ourselves the CAC Patrol, Citizens Against Crime," he said.

Separately, a retired sheriff's deputy in a community about 10 miles away has started a Facebook page called "To Catch a Thief," an open group that has nearly 1,200 members who post reports of crimes that aren't priorities for the county sheriff's office.

"In a rural community like this, we all know each other, and we're all related," said Carol Dickson, who started the group about three months ago and posts regularly.

"People know who's doing this," she said of the property crimes around Cave Junction, a town of nearly 2,000 people about 30 miles from the county seat of Grants Pass.

"They are getting tired of it," Dickson said. "They are speaking up, and they are saying, `Enough.'"

Josephine County Sheriff Gil Gilbertson says he's glad for the help but warns that law enforcement is dangerous work.

"They need to really understand there are consequences that can be very costly, physically as well as legally," he said, explaining that volunteers could get sued or shot if they pull a gun on someone or make a false arrest.

"Most of them haven't had what I feel is an adequate level of training to do that they do," he said. "But if they serve as eyes and ears and only report what they see to law enforcement, I think they can keep themselves at a safe level."

Policing expert Dennis Kenney, a professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City, says neighborhood watch efforts can be positive but turn into problems when volunteers "decide that instead of supplementing law enforcement, they are going to replace law enforcement. Then you cross potentially into vigilantism."

Kenney said vigilantes tend to get "out of control ? especially when people are armed."

He added that "people drawn to this sort of thing are the kinds of personalities more likely to take it too far."

Nichols says what his group is doing is "not vigilantism at all.

"If it was, we would have taken care of a couple of problems a long time ago," he added. "Because we knew who they were, and where they lived."

Another CAC Patrol member, Glenn Woodbury, an electrical supplies distributor, wears a .45-caliber automatic pistol in a shoulder holster when he goes out. He says he carries the weapon only for protection and that members of the patrol consider it their primary responsibility to gather information, such as a license plate number, that would allow deputies to make an arrest.

Since the patrols started a few months ago, group members have reported a wildfire being set and someone trying to break into an SUV. The police log in the Grants Pass Daily Courier shows five thefts or burglaries in O'Brien from January through July, but none since August.

"These people know they no longer own the night," Woodbury said of potential criminals.

"They can't back a pickup up to somebody's home when you've got patrols watching," he added.

For her part Dickson, who retired from the Josephine County Sherriff's Office before Gilbertson was elected and has frequently been at odds with the man who replaced her old boss, says her digital network has helped make the Illinois Valley safer.

She says her group has tracked down stolen property, including several cars, and even helped deputies arrest a man on drug charges.

Despite her differences with Gilbertson, she won't let people post rants about the sheriff's department. And she says her group serves a vital function.

"When you have tweakers and drugs, you're going to have thefts and burglaries," she said, citing methamphetamine abuse as the root of many of the property crimes in the area.

Dickson says there isn't enough space in the county jail and that deputies don't pursue property crimes as they should.

She said criminals "know they aren't going to get punished." She added, "Nobody gets arrested. Nobody gets charged."

Josephine County, population about 83,000, recently lost $12 million in federal timber county subsidies. The jail, sheriff's patrols, prosecutors, probation officers and juvenile programs have all been drastically cut. The lockup has room for 69 inmates ? only enough space for the worst offenders. As a result, theft and burglary suspects are regularly turned loose, only to be picked up later for new crimes.

But neither Nichols nor Dickson think the sheriff would do a better job of protecting their end of the county with more resources.

They both voted no on a tax proposal to make up the $12 million loss and say they would do so again if county commissioners brought the issue back up.

Their independent streak is fairly common in the area just north of the California border, which was settled during the gold rush of the 1850s and has been proudly self-reliant ever since with loggers, hippie communes and survivalists maintaining the reputation. To this day residents in the area consistently vote conservative.

Much of the land is dotted with abandoned mining camps, overgrown with trees and brush. The timber county has just one remaining sawmill in operation.

At the O'Brien crossroads, a flashing yellow light and a '50s-era police car, parked permanently on the shoulder, slow what passes for traffic in front of the general store, post office, gas station, restaurant, and RV park. There also is a bar with a sign proclaiming, "Bikers Welcome."

Nichols says he decided to start the patrols after someone stole a travel trailer from his property over the summer.

He called a community meeting in August and wore a .38 special revolver, handed down from his father, in a leather holster on his belt. About 100 people showed up, one of whom recognized a photo of his trailer and knew where it had been stashed. Gilbertson, however, declined to try to retrieve it.

"I didn't have the resources to deal with it at that time," the sheriff said. "Pretty much, what we're doing now is person-to-person crime."

In response, members of the CAC Patrol have taken to slapping magnetic gold stars and flashing amber lights on their vehicles to keep watch over the community on their own. Many carry pistols and plastic ties for handcuffs.

"If we stand shoulder to shoulder, they don't have a chance," Nichols said. "And that's what we're doing."

___

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/17/josephine-county-oregon-citizens-against-crime_n_1975029.html

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Girls given the back seat - Worldnews.com

Female education is a catch-all term for a complex of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education and health education in particular) for females. It includes areas of gender equality and access to education, and its connection to the alleviation of poverty. Also involved are the issues of single-sex education and religious education, in that the division of education along gender lines, and religious teachings on education, have been traditionally dominant, and are still highly relevant in contemporary discussion of female education as a global consideration.

While the feminist movement has certainly promoted the importance of the issues attached to female education, discussion is wide-ranging and by no means confined to narrow terms of reference: it includes for example AIDS. Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender, is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries.

Current trends

In the developed world, women have surpassed men at many levels of education. For example, in the United States in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of Associate's degrees, 58% of Bachelor's degrees, 60% of Master's degrees, and 50% of Doctorates.

Education for women with handicaps has also improved. In 2011, Giusi Spagnolo became the first woman with Down Syndrome to graduate college in Europe (she graduated from the University of Palermo in Italy.)

Improving girls' educational levels has been demonstrated to have clear impacts on the health and economic future of young women, which in turn improves the prospects of their entire community. In the poorest countries of the world, 50% of girls do not attend secondary school. Yet, research shows that every extra year of school for girls increases their lifetime income by 15%. Improving female education, and thus women's earning potential, improves the standard of living for their own children, as women invest more of their income in their families than men do. Yet, many barriers to education for girls remain. In some African countries, such as Burkina Faso, girls are unlikely to attend school for such basic reasons as a lack of private latrine facilities for girls.

Higher rates of high school and university education among women, particularly in developing countries, have helped them make inroads to professional careers and better-paying salaries and wages. Education increases a woman's (and her partner and the family's) level of health and health awareness. Furthering women's levels of education and advanced training also tends to lead to later ages of initiation of sexual activity and first intercourse, later age at first marriage, and later age at first childbirth, as well as an increased likelihood to remain single, have no children, or have no formal marriage and alternatively, have increasing levels of long-term partnerships. It can lead to higher rates of barrier and chemical contraceptive use (and a lower level of sexually transmitted infections among women and their partners and children), and can increase the level of resources available to women who divorce or are in a situation of domestic violence. It has been shown, in addition, to increase women's communication with their partners and their employers, and to improve rates of civic participation such as voting or the holding of office.

Chinese history

Along with the custom of foot-binding among Chinese women through the end of the 19th century, it was recognized that a woman's virtue lay with her lack of knowledge. As a result, female education was not considered to be worthy of attention. With the arrival of numerous Christian missionaries from Britain and USA to China in the 19th century and some of them being involved in the starting of schools for women, female education started to receive some attention.

Due to the social custom that men and women should not be near to one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for female doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927) was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA) to found the first medical college for women in China. Known as the Hackett Medical College for Women (???????), this College was located in Guangzhou, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Mr. Edward A.K. Hackett (1851-1916) of Indiana, USA. The College was dedicated in 1902 and offered a four-year curriculum. By 1915, there were more than 60 students, mostly in residence. Most students became Christians, due to the influence of Dr. Fulton. The College was officially recognized, with its diplomas marked with the official stamp of the Guangdong provincial government. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese women's social status. The David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children (also known as Yuji Hospital ???? was affiliated with this College. The graduates of this College included CHAU Lee-sun (???, 1890-1979) and WONG Yuen-hing (???), both of whom graduated in the late 1910s and then practiced medicine in the hospitals in Guangdong province.

Islamic history

Women in Islam played an important role in the foundations of many Islamic educational institutions, such as Fatima al-Fihri's founding of the University of Al Karaouine in 859. This continued through to the Ayyubid dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries, when 160 mosques and madrasahs were established in Damascus, 26 of which were funded by women through the Waqf (charitable trust or trust law) system. Half of all the royal patrons for these institutions were also women.

According to the Sunni scholar Ibn Asakir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women should study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn Asakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad, he praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge:

While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal classes, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, madrasahs and other public places. While there were no legal restrictions on female education, some men did not approve of this practice, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (d. 1336) who was appalled at the behaviour of some women who informally audited lectures in his time: Many Arab countries like Saudi Arabia do not allow women to work but still there are separate schools and universities for women. In Islam, women are allowed to be educated so that they can teach their children and if their husbands passes away they can then work so they and their families can survive in society.

European history

Ancient Rome

In ancient Rome, upperclass women seem to have been well-educated, some highly so, and were sometimes praised by male historians of the time for their learning and cultivation. Cornelia Metella, for instance, was distinguished for her knowledge of geometry, literature, music, and philosophy. In the wall paintings of Pompeii, women are more likely than men to be pictured with writing implements. Some women had sufficient knowledge of the law and oratorical training to conduct court cases on their own behalf, or on behalf of others. Among occupations that required education, women could be scribes and secretaries, calligraphers, and artists.

Some and perhaps many Roman girls went to a public primary school. Boys and girls were educated either together or with similar methods and curriculum. One passage in Livy's history assumes that the daughter of a centurion would be in school; the social rank of a centurion was typically equivalent to modern perceptions of the "middle class". Girls as well as boys participated in public religious festivals, and sang advanced choral compositions that would require formal musical training.

Medieval period

In medieval Europe, education for girls and women was at best patchy, and was controversial in the light of pronouncements of some religious authorities. Shulamith Shahar writes, of the situation in the nobility, that Among girls there was an almost direct transition from childhood to marriage, with all it entails.

Education was also seen as stratified in the way that society itself was: in authors such as Vincent of Beauvais, the emphasis is on educating the daughters of the nobility for their social position to come.

Educational opportunities for women were poor. Girls were only allowed to receive elementary instruction from their mothers, while boys could go off to be tutored, go to church-run schools, or join a guild or burger school to learn an occupation. Mostly the only schools for girls were associated with convents. However some aristocratic women were educated in palace schools during the age of chivalry in household duties, good manners, music, and conversation. In medieval Frankish society, however, women were given a more equal education and the education of the average lay women was comparable to that of her husband.

The majority of the most educated women in the Middle Ages were nuns. The nuns ran convent schools where they taught young girls chants and singing as well as reading and writing; and domestic arts like cooking, weaving, and spinning wool. One of the most notable educated nuns of the Middle Ages was Hildegard of Bingen (1098?1179).

Early modern period, humanist attitudes

In early modern Europe, the question of female education had become a standard commonplace one, in other words a literary topos for discussion. Around 1405 Leonardo Bruni wrote De studies et letteris, addressed to Baptista di Montefeltro, the daughter of Antonio II da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino; it commends the study of Latin, but warns against arithmetic, geometry, astrology and rhetoric. In discussing the classical scholar Isotta Nogarola, however, Lisa Jardine notes that (in the middle of the fifteenth century), ?Cultivation? is in order for a noblewoman; formal competence is positively unbecoming. Christine de Pisan's Livre des Trois Vertus is contemporary with Bruni's book, and sets down the things which a lady or baroness living on her estates ought to be able to do.

Erasmus wrote at length about education in De pueris instituendis (1529, written two decades before); not mostly concerned with female education, in this work he does mention with approbation the trouble Thomas More took with teaching his whole family. Catherine of Aragon "had been born and reared in one of the most brilliant and enlightened of Europen courts, where the cultural equality of men and women was normal". By her influence she made education for English women both popular and fashionable. In 1523 Juan Luis Vives, a follower of Erasmus, wrote in Latin his De institutione foeminae Christianae. This work was commissioned by Catherine, who had charge of the education of her daughter for the future Queen Mary I of England; in translation it appeared as Education of a Christian Woman. It is in line with traditional didactic literature, taking a strongly religious direction. It also placed a strong emphasis on Latin literature.

Elizabeth I of England had a strong humanist education, and was praised by her tutor Roger Ascham. She fits the pattern of education for leadership, rather than for the generality of women. When Johannes Sturm published Latin correspondence with Ascham centred on the achievements in humanist study of Elizabeth and other high-ranking English persons, in Konrad Heresbach's De laudibus Graecarum literarum oratio (1551), the emphasis was on the nobility of those tackling the classics, rather than gender.

Schooling for girls was rare; the assumption was still that education would be brought to the home environment. Comenius was an advocate of formal education for women. In fact his emphasis was on a type of universal education making no distinction between humans; with an important component allowed to parental input, he advocated in his Pampaedia schooling rather than other forms of tutoring, for all.

Modern period

The issue of female education in the large, as emancipatory and rational, is broached seriously in the Enlightenment. Mary Wollstonecraft, who worked as a teacher, governess, and school-owner, wrote of it in those terms. Her first book was Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, years before the publication of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

The Commission of National Education in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, founded in 1777, considered the first Ministry of Education in history, was a central, autonomous body responsible for nationwide, secular and coeducational training. In the late 19th century, in what was then the Russian province of Poland, in response to the lack of higher training for women, the so-called Flying University was organized, where women were taught covertly by Polish scholars and academics. Its most famous student was Maria Sk?odowska-Curie, better known as Marie Curie, who went on to win a Nobel Prize.

Much education was channelled through religious establishments. Not all of these educated women only for marriage and motherhood; for example, Quaker views on women had allowed much equality from the foundation of the denomination in the mid 17th century. The abolitionist William Allen and his wife Grizell Hoare set up the Newington Academy for Girls in 1824, teaching an unusually wide range of subjects from languages to sciences.

Actual progress in institutional terms, for secular education of women, began in the West in the nineteenth century, with the founding of colleges offering single-sex education to young women. These appeared in the middle of the century. The Princess: A Medley, a narrative poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, is a satire of women's education, still a controversial subject in 1848, when Queen's College first opened in London. Emily Davies campaigned for women's education in the 1860s, and founded Girton College in 1869, as did Anne Clough found Newnham College in 1875. W. S. Gilbert parodied the poem and treated the themes of women's higher education and feminism in general with The Princess in (1870) and Princess Ida in 1883.

Once women began to graduate from institutions of higher education, there steadily developed also a stronger academic stream of schooling, and the teacher training of women in larger numbers, principally to provide primary education. Women's access to traditionally all-male institutions took several generations to become complete. lAvDe

Educational reform

The interrelated themes of barriers to education and employment continued to form the backbone of feminist thought in the nineteenth century, as described, for instance by Harriet Martineau in her 1859 article ?Female Industry? in the Edinburgh Journal. Despite the changes in the economy, the position of women in society had not greatly improved and unlike Frances Power Cobbe, Martineau did not support the emerging call for the vote for practical reasons.

Slowly the efforts of women like Davies and the Langham group started to make inroads. Queen's College (1848) and Bedford College (1849) in London started to offer some education to women from 1848, and by 1862 Davies was establishing a committee to persuade the universities to allow women to sit for the recently established (1858) Local Examinations, with partial success (1865). A year later she published ?The Higher Education of Women.? She and Leigh Smith founded the first higher educational institution for women, with 5 students, which became Girton College, Cambridge in 1873, followed by Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford in 1879. Bedford had started awarding degrees the previous year. Despite these measurable advances, few could take advantage of them and life for women students was very difficult.

As part of the continuing dialogue between British and American feminists, Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman in the US to graduate in medicine (1849), lectured in Britain with Langham support. They also supported Elizabeth Garrett?s attempts to assail the walls of British medical education against strong opposition; she eventually took her degree in France. Garrett's successful campaign to run for office on the London School Board in 1870 is another example of how a small band of determined women were starting to reach positions of influence at the level of local government and public bodies.

Indian history

Pre-Independence

The history of female education in India has its roots in the British Regime. Women?s employment and education was acknowledged in 1854 by the East India Company?s Programme: Wood?s Dispatch. And thus slowly after that, there was progress in female education ? although initially this tended to be focused on the primary school level, and related to the richer sections of society. Looking at the statistics, the overall literacy rate for women increased from 0.2% in 1882 to 6% in 1947.

In 1878, the University of Calcutta became one of the first universities to admit female graduates to its academic degree programmes, before any of the British universities had later done the same. This point was raised during the Ilbert Bill controversy in 1883, when it was being considered whether Indian judges should be given the right to judge British offenders. The role of women featured prominently in the controversy, where English women who opposed the bill argued that Bengali women, who they stereotyped as "ignorant", are neglected by their men, and that Indian men should therefore not be given the right to judge cases involving English women. Bengali women who supported the bill responded by claiming that they were more educated than the English women opposed to the bill, and pointed out that more Indian women had degrees than British women did at the time.

Post-Independence

After India attained independence in 1947, the University Education Commission was created in order to recommend suggestions to improve the quality of education. However, their report spoke against female education, referring to it as: "Women's present education is entirely irrelevant to the life they have to lead. It is not only a waste but often a definite disability". - Report of the University Education Commission, Government of India, 1948?49, Vol. (i), Chapter XII, pp.?401.

But the fact that the female literacy rate was at 8.9% post-Independence could not be ignored. Thus in 1958, a national committee on women?s education was appointed by the government, and most of its recommendations were accepted. The crux of its recommendations were to bring female education on the same footing as offered for boys.

Soon after that, committees were created which talked about equality between men and women in the field of education. For example, one Committee on differentiation of curricula for boys and girls (1959) recommended equality and a common curricula at various stages of their learning. Further efforts were made to expand the education system, and thus the Education Commission was set up in 1964, which largely talked about girl's education. And owing to the commission?s recommendations, aA national Policy was developed by the Government in 1968, providing increased emphasis on female education.

Current policies

Whether it is pre- Independence or post, India has been taking active steps towards women?s status and education. The 86th constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, has been a path breaking step towards the growth of education, especially for females. According to this act, elementary education is a fundamental right for children between the age of 6?14 years. And the government has undertaken to provide this education free of cost, and made it compulsory for those in that age group. This government undertaking is more widely known as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA).

Since then, the SSA has come up with many schemes for inclusive as well as exclusive growth of Indian education as a whole, including schemes to help foster the growth of female education.

The major schemes:

Mahila Samakhya Programme: This programme was launched in 1988 as a result of the New Education Policy (1968). It was created for the empowerment of women from rural areas especially socially and economically marginalized groups. When the SSA was formed, it initially set up a committee to look into this programme, how it was working, and to recommend new changes that could be made.

  • Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme(KGBV): This scheme was launched in July, 2004, to provide education to girls at primary level. It is primarily for the underprivileged and rural areas where literacy level for females is very low. The schools set up have 100% reservation: 75% for backward class, and 25% for BPL (below Poverty line) females.
  • National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL): This programme was launched in July, 2003. It was an incentive to reach out to the girls who the SSA was not able to reach through other schemes. The SSA called out to the ?hardest to reach girls?. This scheme has covered 24 states in India. Under the NPEGEL, ?model schools? have been set up to provide better opportunities to girls.

    Catholic tradition

    In the Roman Catholic tradition, concern for female education has expressed itself in the foundation of religious institutes, with ministries addressing the area. These include the Ursulines (1535) and the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (1849). A convent education is an education for girls by nuns, within a convent building. This was already being practised in England before 1275 and later become more popular in France during the seventeenth century, and thereafter spread worldwide. Contemporary convent schools are not restricted to Catholic pupils. Students in contemporary convent education may be boys (particularly in India).

    See also

  • Gender and education
  • Project Exploration
  • The Girl Effect
  • Society for Promotion of Female Education in the East
  • Women's colleges
  • Women in education in the United States
  • References

    Historical literature

  • Bathsua Makin (1673), An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen, in Religion, Manners, Arts & Tongues
  • Anna Julia Cooper (1892), The Higher Education of Women
  • Alice Zimmern (1898), Renaissance of Girls' Education in England
  • Thomas Woody (1929), A History of Women's Education in the United States, 2 vols.
  • Contemporary

  • Barry Turner (1974), Equality for some: The story of girls' education
  • Notes

    External links

  • Literary Encyclopedia, Education of Women 1650-1750
  • Education of Girls: Swift, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and others
  • Article on education of women in Poland
  • Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH) An e-book collection of over 1,000 books on home economics spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University's Mann Library.
  • American Association of University Women
  • Essay by Gene Sperling on girls' education
  • Category:Education issues Category:Women and education Category:Feminism and education Category:History of education

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    Source: http://article.wn.com/view/2012/10/16/Girls_given_the_back_seat/

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    Incitrio > BrandSpeak ? Small Business Branding Tips

    October 16th, 2012 Carrie Milford-->

    Photo Courtesy Square Peg Solutions

    Photo Courtesy Square Peg Solutions

    There are so many things to think about when starting a small business that new owners often overlook or shortcut the branding process. While branding may seem like the icing on the cake, it is actually the baking powder and eggs that ensures the cake doesn?t fold in on itself in the oven.

    Any new or existing business cannot grow without going through a branding process. The branding process ensures that your company is not just the product you sell, the people that work for you, and the walls of your office. Branding creates an identity, a personality, for the company you worked so hard to create.

    Branding allows customers to connect with your company on a personal, as well as professional, level. We know the importance of branding, and we want to share what we know. Check out these tips, below, for branding your small business.

    1. Hire a Branding Expert and/or Do Your Research
    If you have the funds to hire a branding expert, do it. Good branders have spent years studying what works for different businesses and different industries. They have a wealth of knowledge that you can?t replicate in a few months of doing research. They know the right questions to ask and the right way to position your company for success.

    Not every new business can afford to bring on a branding agency or consultant. If it?s just not in the cards for your first year, do your research. Read books about branding and marketing, surf the Internet for tips of the trade, and study successful companies in your industry. The more time you spend studying the competition and learning about successful branding techniques, the more likely that you won?t make rookie mistakes.

    2. Invest in Your Visual Identity
    Your logo and stationery package isn?t just an annoying necessity. It is the first thing people see in relation to your company. It is your chance to make a great first impression. So, make sure that you invest the time and resources it deserves. Don?t just have your brother-in-law?s graphic designer cousin create something in a couple of hours that doesn?t represent who your company is or where you want it to be a year from now. Your logo, stationery package, collateral, and website design should be consistent with each other and with your brand?s identity. These elements are too important to leave to chance.

    Many agencies and freelance designers have special rates for start-ups. Make sure to do your research and find a great graphic designer that understands the importance of brand personality and promise in relation to your company?s graphic elements.

    3. Keep it Simple, Start-Up
    Your company?s message should be straightforward. Don?t complicate your tagline with unnecessary adjectives. Keep your mission statement to 3 sentences. Today?s consumer is more easily distracted than any previous generation. You have only seconds to catch their attention. So, make sure your messaging is simple and snappy enough to hold a prospective customer?s attention long enough for he/she figure out who your company is and why you?re different/better.

    4. Consistency, Consistency, Consistency
    Don?t change your logo?s color on every piece of collateral. Make sure to use the same fonts on each datasheet, brochure, and business card. Spell your name the same each and every time. While it?s tempting to change it up (hey, we all get bored sometimes), building brand equity is a slow process that can be reversed in seconds. People associate your brand with the colors, fonts, typeface, and graphics that you use. Changing any of these elements signals to consumers that this company doesn?t have it together and therefore can?t be trusted with their business.

    Branding is crucial to your company?s success. Make sure you put your company?s future in the right hands. Incitrio has been successfully branding and rebranding small and large businesses since 2004. CEO & Chief Creative Officer Angela Hill has over 20 years of experience working with big name brands and start-ups. Our branding analysis examines where your company is right now, what is & isn?t working, and where you would like to be in 5-10 years. We partner with you to make sure all of your branding tactics mesh with that ultimate vision.

    Call Incitrio today for a free consultation, or email us at startfresh@incitrio.com. We are an award-winning branding, marketing, and web design agency in San Diego dedicated to helping brands achieve their goals and grow their revenue.

    Entry Filed under: Branding

    Source: http://www.incitrio.com/blog/2012/10/16/small-business-branding-tips/

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    Eyelid surgery Helps a Person to Look Younger | ArticlePDQ.com

    In medical term drooping eyelid is known as ptosis. It may be present in a person from birth or it may gradually develop later. Generally it is not considered as a serious problem, most of the time it does not affect a person?s vision or health. But in certain and in very rare cases drooping eyelid causes serious and severe effect on a person. It can affect the muscles, nerves or even eye socket.

    Eyelid surgery is a cosmetic surgery and it done by people to enhance their appearance. Our skin loses its elasticity as it grows old. This subjects our skin to constant pull. As a result of this excessive skin gets collected in our lower and upper eyelids. This excessive collection of skin on the eyelids causes wrinkles on lower eyelids and at the same time it may cause upper eyelid to have an extra fold of skin which hangs over eyelashes and obstructs our vision. Eyelid surgery helps in removal of bulges caused by the accumulation of fats in our eyelids.

    Eyelid operation is generally performed on patients having healthy facial tissues and muscle. As most of the condition required to undergo an eyelid surgery is associated with old age, so mostly the patients are above the age of 30 years. People who are having difficulty in seeing because of drooping eyelid also choose to have this surgery.

    An eyelift is a minor surgery. Incisions are made along the natural lines of the eyelids, it is through these lines the skin from underlying tissue are separated and excess fat and muscle is removed. These incisions are then closed with sutures which remain for about a week. Transcutaneous is another technique used for eyelid surgery. In this process incision is made along the eyelash margin and through which excess skin, muscle and fat are removed.

    No surgery is fully predictable. Even the best eye surgeons will have patients who suffer from unforeseen complications. Some complications that arise due to eyelid surgery are suture cysts, excess skin removal and even damaged eye sight. Also there are some side effects associated like blurred or double vision for few days after the surgery. The best precaution that can be taken to prevent these complications is choosing a good eye surgeon.

    Eyelid surgery can only enhance one?s appearance but it will in no way cause people to treat you any differently than they used to. So it is important to carefully measure your decision before finally undergoing this surgery.

    Geteasylift.com offers best cure of Droopy Eyelid that gives you quickly and easily lift upper eyelids to a more vibrant, youthful shape.

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    Source: http://articlepdq.com/health-fitness/beauty/eyelid-surgery-helps-a-person-to-look-younger/

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